Essay --

Maternity care turned into my advantage since the time my sister got pregnant in January 2012. I was associated with every one of her arrangements including her first ultra sound dating filter at 12 weeks which demonstrated when the child was expected going right until her work. From this I found that a birthing assistant doesn't simply convey the child however above all deals with the mother and infant offering guidance and backing during the entire pregnancy directly until after the work when they do home visits. This truly intrigued me as I am a mindful and accommodating individual thus I at that point went onto do investigation into the Midwifery calling and discovered that Midwives are essential to the mother and child as they screen their general wellbeing and prosperity, do clinical assessments, answer all inquiries and be a general wellspring of help for the mother just as conveys the infant. After my GCSE’s I went onto do an apprenticeship in hair and magnificence which empowered me to pick up information, experience and numerous capabilities. During this time I learned numerous new aptitudes, for example, collaboration, client support, learning ho...

Marriage :: Literary Analysis, Gregory Corso

Gregory Corso’s sonnet â€Å"Marriage† is an excellent, comic sonnet. The creator is the primary character and he is considering his future and the chance of him getting hitched. He is attempting to profoundly consider all the potential situations he may confront, he attempts to consider the correct choice to take in respect of him getting hitched or not getting hitched. So he adopts a logical strategy to the quandary, he first spreads out all the potential choices he has, and afterward he reproduces each choice in his psyche and attempts to understand its outcomes. Corso opens his sonnet by an inquiry to himself â€Å"Should I get hitched? Should I be good?† this line proposes two potential understandings. The primary understanding is relating being acceptable because of getting hitched. The subsequent understanding is giving two choices can't go together, either being acceptable or getting hitched. By just the principal line Corso had the option to set two points of view on marriage. Corso discusses the young lady nearby and how he would dumbfound her and go out on the town with her. Corso won't follow all the conventions while dating this young lady, for instance, he will take her to burial grounds as opposed to taking her to the films, at that point he will kiss her and attempt to have intercourse to her, however she cannot. He blows up, yet he doesn't show it, and he attempts to persuade her to lay down with him â€Å"You must feel! It’s delightful to feel!† (Line 7) Corso says, however she despite everything won't. At that point Corso begins his reinforcement intend to consider about the brilliant heavenly body in the sky. What a virtuoso! When Corso meets her folks he feels so awkward. He attempts to look instructed delicate man, so he doesn't ask where the restroom is despite the fact that he needed to utilize it. He understood conventions have set these dumb principles for him to follow in the event that he needed her parents’ endorsement. In any event, when he picks up the endorsement â€Å"Say All privilege get hitched, we’re losing a little girl, however we’re increasing a son† (Lines 21-22), he was uncertain about whether to request the washroom â€Å"And should I at that point ask where’s the bathroom?† (Line 23). He shows his sicken from people’s activities around him when he gets hitched. He depicts the priest’s take a gander at him as I he was accomplishing something awful â€Å"he is taking a gander at me as though I masturbated †.

How to Organize a Study Group

How to Organize a Study Group How to Organize a Study Group How to Organize a Study Group During exam season, many students begin to realize the abundance of material that was covered during their previous academic term. It is at that moment that many students break down, feel incredibly overwhelmed, and begin questioning their academic future. But, what if you actively prepared for exams throughout the year simply by reviewing the material each week with your peers? Study groups are a fun and convenient way to solidify material and grasp a true understanding of what has been taught so far. Study groups can help to minimize procrastination and provide you with more resources in helping to gain an understanding of the material. Interested in starting your own study group? Here’s how to get started. Find Dedicated Group Members Whether you have friends in your classes or not, it’s important to find group members that will be dedicated to study sessions and really do their part to ensure group success. Discuss these things with potential group members beforehand and be sure that everyone is in agreeance on the expectations. Of course, be sure to exchange contact details such as phone numbers and email addresses in case there are ever any changes to meeting details. Schedule a Weekly Meeting Amongst your study group you will need to determine a time and place to meet. To make this easier, ensure it is a day and time during the week that everyone can be available for. Perhaps schedule this before or after your weekly lecture since everyone will need to be on campus anyways. Book a Study Room Many libraries have study rooms which are available for students to book time in for free. These rooms typically have a large table with numerous chairs and a whiteboard or chalkboard for students to access. These rooms provide a distraction-free environment that is great for collaboration. Delegate Work Since course readings, new concepts, and new chapters within the textbook are covered each week, delegate the material into individual tasks amongst the group. Then, allow each person to lead that particular section of the study group. This will of course require a weekly agenda to be set prior to each meeting, but it will help to ensure that you remain on task and on schedule within each study session. Your peers have different learning styles and can help you to better comprehend material, and vice versa. Take advantage of the resources around you and arrange a study group to help take your learning to the next level. Need help to tackle your portion of the group work? Check out our list of available services and let us know what we can assist you with! How to Organize a Study Group How to Organize a Study Group How to Organize a Study Group During exam season, many students begin to realize the abundance of material that was covered during their previous academic term. It is at that moment that many students break down, feel incredibly overwhelmed, and begin questioning their academic future. But, what if you actively prepared for exams throughout the year simply by reviewing the material each week with your peers? Study groups are a fun and convenient way to solidify material and grasp a true understanding of what has been taught so far. Study groups can help to minimize procrastination and provide you with more resources in helping to gain an understanding of the material. Interested in starting your own study group? Here’s how to get started. Find Dedicated Group Members Whether you have friends in your classes or not, it’s important to find group members that will be dedicated to study sessions and really do their part to ensure group success. Discuss these things with potential group members beforehand and be sure that everyone is in agreeance on the expectations. Of course, be sure to exchange contact details such as phone numbers and email addresses in case there are ever any changes to meeting details. Schedule a Weekly Meeting Amongst your study group you will need to determine a time and place to meet. To make this easier, ensure it is a day and time during the week that everyone can be available for. Perhaps schedule this before or after your weekly lecture since everyone will need to be on campus anyways. Book a Study Room Many libraries have study rooms which are available for students to book time in for free. These rooms typically have a large table with numerous chairs and a whiteboard or chalkboard for students to access. These rooms provide a distraction-free environment that is great for collaboration. Delegate Work Since course readings, new concepts, and new chapters within the textbook are covered each week, delegate the material into individual tasks amongst the group. Then, allow each person to lead that particular section of the study group. This will of course require a weekly agenda to be set prior to each meeting, but it will help to ensure that you remain on task and on schedule within each study session. Your peers have different learning styles and can help you to better comprehend material, and vice versa. Take advantage of the resources around you and arrange a study group to help take your learning to the next level. Need help to tackle your portion of the group work? Check out our list of available services and let us know what we can assist you with!

Merchant of Venice Essay Universal Elements - 853 Words

The Universal Elements of Merchant of Venicenbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice contains many themes and elements that are considered timeless or universal. Samuel Taylor Coleridge defines a timeless or universal element as a â€Å"representation of men in all ages and all times.†nbsp; A universal element is relevant to the life of every human being – it is universal. The first major theme that plays an important role in the play is the Christians’ prejudice against the Jews. A second important theme is the attitude toward money.nbsp; Perhaps the most important theme of the play is the love between people. This love can occur between the same sex, or the opposite sex, platonic or romantic.nbsp; In Merchant of Venice,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"My deeds upon my head! I crave the law, the penalty and forfeit of my bond†,nbsp; (Act IV, Sc. I, L. 211). This quote of Shylock shows how much he wants his revenge, the penalty being Antonio’s flesh. nbsp; Money is not condemned in the play, for Antonio and Portia are wealthy characters with virtues that are praised. Instead, peoples attitude about money is what matters. Many families today are very wealthy but they aren’t condemned because they don’t gloat about it. Shylock is condemned because he loves money for moneys sake and tries to grab more money from people by charging exorbitant interest rates on his loans. Shylock sees that Bassanio really needs this money so he uses it as a chance for revenge. He made his interest be paid not with money, but with a pound of flesh. â€Å"Let the forfeit be nominated for an equal pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me†, (Act I, Sc. III, L. 150-153). He is so obsessed by his wealth that he is as sad over losing it as he is over losing his daughter. In contrast, Antonio and Portia are generous with their money. Antonio lends to the poor without charging any interest and is al ways willing to financially aid a friend in need. In a like manner, Portia freely offers money to save the life of Antonio, when she has not even met the gentleman. The Christians in theShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in English Literature2444 Words   |  10 Pagesfigures present in Chaucer’s â€Å"The Miller’s Tale† By Josà © Luis Guerrero Cervantes According to Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, an archetype is a symbolic formula that begins to work wherever there are no conscious ideas present. They are innate universal psychic dispositions that form the substrate from which the basic themes of human life emerge[1]. The archetype is experienced in projections, powerful affect images, symbols, moods, and behavior patterns such as rituals, ceremonials and love. Read MoreThe Ottoman Empire ( 1299 ) Essay6958 Words   |  28 Pagescivilization. Accordingly, members of different Christian and Jewish denominations were invited to set up their religious centers as millets (literally nation, defined by religious affiliations) under the auspices of the sultan. This became a fundamental element in the Ottoman system of administration in which each millet took charge of the religious and educational needs, as well as the personal laws, of its members. Mehmed II also codified for the first time the criminal and civil laws of the Empire intoRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesItalian version of the Key of Solomon (British Library, Sloane manuscript 1307). Misled by some comments by Mathers and others, Dr. Butler incorrectly concluded that the Picatrix was â€Å"an Italian edition of the Clavicle, strongly impregnated with black elements† (Ritual Magic, 1949, p. 135.) Recent editions include: Arabic Pseudo-Magriti, Das Ziel des Weisen, Herausgegeben von Hellmut Ritter, B.G. Teubner / Liepzig / Berlin 1933. Studien der Bibliothek Warburg Herausgegeben von Fritz Saxl. XII. Picatrix

Company Analysis Famous Brands - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1909 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Bibliography www.famousbrands.co.za/ (15 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 06 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2015) www.famousbrands.co.za/downloads/report/annual_report_2014.pdf (20 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 06 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2015) www.famousbrands.co.za/brands/steers.php (20 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 06 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2015) What is Famous Brands? Famous Brands Ltd is an investment holding company listed on the JSE Securities Exchange under the category Cyclical Services: Leisure amp; Hotels. The company is an integrated food and beverage company whose primary activities include the franchising of trademarks, either company owned or licensed, to Quick Service Restaurant franchises and the manufacture and supply of products to these franchisees and the retail trade. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Company Analysis: Famous Brands" essay for you Create order History of Famous Brands Famous Brands was started in the 50à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s by a family called Halamandaris (well thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s their actual name, but were referred to as Halamandres because of a mistake by an immigration official). The family had just 50$ between them and wanted to work hard to achieve something. An idea that was to pave the road of success for this family in the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s was by George, one of the brothers, to give Johannesburg an American style steakhouse by the name of Steers. Steers was a huge success and because of this many more restaurants were opened and franchising was introduced to the South African market. Unfortunately at the end of 37 years of hard graft the familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s combined stake in the business only amounted to R35 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" R 40 million. The family wanted more than just a family business and so they turned to a man by the name Kevin Hedderwick (now currently the CEO of Famous Brands). Hedderwick joined what was then known as Steers Holdings as MD and revolutionised the business, turning it into a South African franchising giant. The five core members, Panayiotis, Theofanis, Periklis, John and Babis took the company public on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange on 9 November 1994 with a share price of R1. Then in August 2012 the company hits a share price of R74. From one store worth very little to over 2,000 stores and a company worth in excess of R6 billion. Every brand held by Famous Brands Limited is the leader in their category. Famous Brands is in fact so successful that they were voted as the first and overall winner in the Financial Mail Top 20 Companies. Famous Brands is today Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest quick service and casual dining restaurant franchisor and also has representation in the United Kingdom. The global footprint of the group stands at more than 2 000 franchised restaurants spread across South Africa, 16 African countries and the United Kingdom. Following their already successful journey, the stock price hit R100 in August 2013 and is now as of April 2015 sitting at R122.00. The company owns many businesses, but their claim to fame and biggest mainstream brands include: Steers, Wimpy, Debonairs Pizza, FishAways, MB, Keg, Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Haganà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Milky Lane. Swot Analysis No business can be truly successful unless they have undergone a SWOT analysis which aims to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the business as well as the opportunities and threats present. Strengths: First and overall winner in the Financial Mail Top 20 Companies The company has strong ethical values which allows trust, integrity and honesty within the business. Profits are more than adequate to grow the business. This is certainly the case for Famous Brands, they are a spiral of upward success. The symbol à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Famous Brandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is immediately recognised and trusted by customers. Competent planning means that there is always time for creative thinking and organisation Weaknesses: Business could become too dependent on Kevin Hedderwick Solution: It is important that every member of the business takes equal amount of responsibility. This will ensure smooth flowing and effectiveness within the business. Size and scale of global business Making it hard to control standards and quality Solution: This is actually a positive as it means the business is operating outside of its local barrier. The one thing that could be done in this case is having more members to make the global issue easier. The need for low cost products This needs to be balanced in order to produce good quality products. Solution: There is a need for low cost products amongst customers. This needs to be balanced, the business has to charge a reasonable amount so that they can make a profit whilst keeping customers happy with a price they are happy to pay because they know they are paying for quality. Differentiation of products from competitors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it is hard for the business to continually differentiate themselves in a market which has many similar competitors Solution: To have workers that are extremely creative and innovative; always 5thinking of new ideas to spark life into their products. Future competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Famous Brands has no control of new arrivals in the market, this could pose a threat to the profitability of the company Solution: nothing can be done about this, the business has no control. The best way to compete with this is to have a positive mind set and only focus about your own business. Opportunities: Kevin Hedderwick is an experienced entrepreneur and is the CEO of Famous Brands. The company is in good hands If proper market research is conducted, it will give the company a good idea of what they can do to improve their business as well as what their competitors are doing. Global business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" companies oversees owned by Famous Brands are a healthy flow of income. This also raises company popularity Innovative business culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" have a culture within the business that allows for innovation and creativity to assist in staying on top of market trends and adapting to external factors to help the business thrive New products which are better than competition products Threats: Growing competition New entrants to the market who are selling the same good quality products Solution: Ensure that your business is the best. Make sure that there is a strong ethical value within the business. But most importantly, treat your customers with the utmost respect. Rising cost of raw materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the business will be nowhere without the raw materials and if the price of those is rising, the company will lose money Solution: Try find a store that sells fresh produce at a reasonable price. But keep in mind, one must never substitute quality produce for a cheaper price. Market demand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" shift in consumers tastes. Consumers might get à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ a particular taste (in this case a particular style of fast food) and switch to a competitor. Solution: This is a tough one. Because the reason you are successful is because of the original taste of your products. So changing this up may repel customers and send them to your competition. Famous Brands, like any business, will have competitors. Theirs are as follows: KFC McDonalds Spur Kauai Chicken Licken Burger King Nandos Romanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Pizza Scooters Pizza Something Fishy Corporate Governance Famous Brands have certainly incorporated Corporate Social Responsibility as part of its corporate governance. CSR is all about getting businesses to move toward an involvement approach of giving time, skills and effort to improve the lives of other people. Famous Brandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ corporate governance and sustainability is presented to show its shareholders how the company: Applies the principles of good corporate governance Manages risk Considers its ongoing sustainability Invests in the wellbeing of its people and society Just as an example of good CSR, Steers, a business owned by Famous Brands save a portion of their dough that is not used and bake it into bread to give to the poor and homeless. This is but a small example of where Famous Brands has initiated CSR and proves that they invest in the wellbeing of its people and society. The business itself competes quite well with its competitors and it clearly shows that their customers are loyal and respectful. Ethical Financial Reporting Financial reporting is the process of producing statements that disclose an organizations financial status to management, investors and the government. This section talks about whether or not Famous Brands implements ethics into their financial reporting. Financial Reporting 2014 Revenue Up to 8% to R1674 million Operating profit Up 17% to R305 million Headline earnings per share Up 29% to 206 cents Cash generated by operations Up 25% to R346 million Return on equity for 2014 Is 36% Code of ethics / Code of Conduct Code of Conduct Compliance with laws and Regulations Employees must follow applicable laws, rules and regulations at all times. Employees with questions about the applicability or interpretation of any law, rule or regulation, should contact the Legal Department. The Code of Business Conduct of Famous Brands serves to guide the actions of the employees consistent with the Company values. The Code helps the people do the right thing and play by the rules wherever they operate around the world. Conflict of interest A Conflict of Interest occurs when personal interests of an employee or the interests of a third party compete with the interests of Famous Brands. In such a situation, it can be difficult for the employee to act fully in the best interests of Famous Brands. Employees shall avoid Conflicts of Interest whenever possible. If a Conflict of Interest situation has occurred or if an employee faces a situation that may involve or lead to a Conflict of Interest, the employee shall disclose it to his or her Line Manager and/or the HR or the Legal or Compliance Function to resolve the situation in a fair and transparent manner. Code of Ethics A guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business honestly and with integrity. A code of ethics document may outline the mission and values of the business or organization, how professionals are supposed to approach problems, the ethical principles based on the organizations core values and the standards to which the professional will be held. The main relation that Famous Brands has to ethics is that it must teach and educate the employees of the company on what is seen as ethical behaviour and what is not. The Company has a system in place where all new employees are required to pass a test. The test is very simple, but yet again ethics is not something difficult to grasp it is merely the correct way to act and behave when invo lved in the business environment. All new employees are required to pass the test before they are allowed to begin working for the company. Famous Brands also has a system in place that makers certain that existing workers of all levels act in an ethical way when conducting themselves in the Famous Brands business environment. The system also ensures that that all customers feel happy and comfortable when deciding to consult or support the Famous Brands Business. Sustainability With regards to the above information and the timeline, I believe Famous Brands is a sustainable business and if they keep going the way they are they will most certainly improve their reputation and continue to grow and develop under the watchful and controlling eye of Kevin Hedderwick. Business sustainability is often defined as managing the triple bottom line a process by which companies manage their financial, social and environmental risks, obligations and opportunities. These three impacts are sometimes referred to as profits, people and planet. Famous Brands manages their financial, social and environmental risks and obligations and opportunities. It is because of this that I am in favour of Famous Brands being a sustainable business. I believe they will be around for a long time if they carry on the way they are. Timeline of Famous Brandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Milestones

The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Learning Education Essay Free Essays

string(208) " of concerted acquisition is positive mutuality, where pupils perceive that their success or failure prevarications within their working together as a group \( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1986 \) \." As EFL teachers we are concerned with two chief issues in linguistic communication acquisition. The first issue addresses the accomplishments pupils should get in EFL categories as a consequence of teaching-learning experiences. Such accomplishments are frequently measured by pupils ‘ accomplishment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Learning Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 2nd issue takes history of the schemes EFL instructors use to assist pupils get such accomplishments and in bend increase their accomplishment. Writing is a accomplishment which requires attempts from both the pupil and the instructor. It is one of the four linguistic communication accomplishments which is given accent in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( Inggris 2009 ) . Writing is one of the accomplishments which need to be mastered by the scholars. They learn different genres of composing like descriptive, expository, recount and narrative based on the prescribed course of study of their suppliers. Language larning involves larning the linguistic communication codification every bit good as the civilization ( appropriate ways of thought and moving ) associated with the linguistic communication ( Becket A ; Gonzales 2004 ) . Students ‘ authorship abilities are affected by the type of instructions instructors use within their schoolroom patterns. Writing is one of the productive accomplishments that scholars are expected to accomplish in order to guarantee their communicative competency. While larning composing, pupils are supposed to acquire involved in many activities that enable them to bring forth a piece of composing at the terminal. They can be engaged for illustration in category treatments, act in function playing or acquire involved in equal redaction. While engaged in schoolroom activities pupils build up experience and hold more pattern that may eventually give the opportunity to make a proper merchandise of authorship. In learning authorship, instructors strive difficult to happen schemes to ease increasing pupils ‘ accomplishment. There are many methods adopted by the instructors in learning EFL authorship in the schoolrooms. One of the methods recommended in learning authorship is the incorporation of concerted acquisition ( Kagan 2002 ) . In ability grouping, pupils are grouped in a assortment of more flexible ways so that they spend some part of a school twenty-four hours in heterogenous groups and some part in homogenous groups. ( Grady et al 2007 ) . In most EFL categories, some scholars perform better beyond grade-level, others struggle with mark linguistic communication, while another great portion of the category falls someplace in between. In their attempt to run into the demands of such a diverse pupils, pedagogues tend to delegate brace and group work with pupils of different ability degrees happening ways to affect all pupils in the activities. These ways could include communicative and concerted undertakings to let staging of less advanced pupils. In this schoolroom environment advanced degree scholars act as a span to ease the acquisition procedure and lower degree schoolmates exhibit a willingness to traverse that span ( Sean, 2002.A As a general regulation, it would look sensible to propose that schoolroom harmoniousness might better be achieved in a group of motivated pupils who are allowed to take part and collaborate. Statement of the job Teachers and pedagogues seem to hold struggled for decennaries to happen replies to inquiries about heterogenous and homogenous grouping: Does anyone benefit from each? Is anyone harmed by each? Who benefits ( or is harmed ) the most? Why? Are at that place options to these two types grouping? The replies are non ever clear-cut and frequently depend on whom you ask and what larning results are considered of import. To many pedagogues, grouping is considered a reasonable response to academic diverseness. To others, the pattern has harmful unintended effects and should be abandoned. Indeed, research, logic, and emotion frequently clash when debating the subject of grouping. But what do we truly cognize? Consequently, this survey aims to look into the consequence of homogenous grouping versus heterogenous grouping on EFL pupils accomplishment in composing in the hope that it may settle the statement on which is better for both high and low winners. Homogeneous grouping can be defined as spliting pupils into little groups which include pupils of the same ability or degree for illustration high winners together and low winners together. While heterogenous grouping can be defined as spliting pupils into groups that include assorted or different degrees, high and low winners together. Theoretical Model Cognitive growing springs from the alliance of assorted positions as persons work to achieve common ends. Both Piaget and Vygotsky saw concerted acquisition with more able equals and teachers as ensuing in cognitive development and rational growing ( Johnson, et al. , 1998 ) . The premise of behavioural larning theory is that pupils will work hard on undertakings that provide a wages and that pupils will neglect to work on undertakings that provide no wages or penalty. Concerted acquisition is one scheme that rewards persons for engagement in the group ‘s attempt. A reappraisal of the literature on concerted acquisition shows that pupils benefit academically and socially from concerted, small-group acquisition ( Gillies, 2002 ) . Concerted acquisition can bring forth positive effects on pupil accomplishment ( Cohen, 1986 ; Davidson, 1989 ; Devries A ; Slavin, 1978 ; Johnson A ; Johnson, 1989 ; Okebukola, 1985 ; Reid, 1992 ; Slavin, 1990 ) . Academic benefits include higher attainments in reading comprehension, composing ( Mathes, Fuchs, A ; Fuchs, 1997 ) and mathematics ( Ross, 1995 ; Whicker, Nunnery, A ; Bol, 1997 ) and enhanced conceptual apprehension and accomplishment in scientific discipline ( Lonning, 1993 ; Watson, 1991 ) . Social benefits include more on-task behaviours and assisting interactions with group members ( Burron, James, A ; Ambrosio, 1993 ; Gillies A ; Ashman, 1998 ; McManus A ; Gettinger, 1996 ) , higher self-pride, more friends, more engagement in schoolroom activities, and improved attitudes toward larning ( Lazarowitz, Baird, A ; Bolden, 1996 ; Lazarowitz, Hertz-Lazarowitz, A ; Baird, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Slavin ( 1987 ) , there are two major theoretical positions related to concerted acquisition — motivational and cognitive. The motivational theories of concerted acquisition stress the pupils ‘ inducements to make academic work, while the cognitive theories emphasize the effects of working together. Motivational theories related to cooperative learning focal point on wages and end constructions. One of the elements of concerted acquisition is positive mutuality, where pupils perceive that their success or failure prevarications within their working together as a group ( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1986 ) . You read "The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Learning Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" From a motivational position, â€Å" concerted end construction creates a state of affairs in which the lone manner group members can achieve their personal ends is if the group is successful † ( Slavin, 1990, ) . Therefore, in order to achieve their personal ends, pupils are likely to promote members within the group to make whatever assist the group to win and to assist one another with a group undertaking. There are two cognitive theories that are straight applied to cooperative acquisition, the developmental and the amplification theories ( Slavin, 1987 ) . The developmental theories assume that interaction among pupils around appropriate undertakings increases their command of critical constructs ( Damon, 1984 ) . When pupils interact with other pupils, they have to explicate and discourse each other ‘s positions, which lead to greater apprehension of the stuff to be learned. The battle to decide possible struggles during collaborative activity consequences in the development of higher degrees of apprehension ( Slavin, 1990 ) . The amplification theory suggests that one of the most effectual agencies of acquisition is to explicate the stuff to person else. Concerted acquisition activities enhance elaborative thought and more frequent giving and receiving of accounts, which has the possible to increase deepness of apprehension, the quality of logical thinking, and the truth of long term keeping ( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1986 ) . Therefore, the usage of concerted larning methods should take to improved pupil acquisition and keeping from both the developmental and cognitive theoretical bases. Several surveies have examined the effects of concerted larning methods on pupil acquisition. Humphreys, Johnson, and Johnson ( 1982 ) compared concerted, competitory, and individualistic schemes and concluded that pupils who were taught by concerted methods learned and retained significantly more information than pupils taught by the other two methods. Sherman and Thomas ( 1986 ) found similar consequences in a survey affecting high school pupils taught by concerted and individualistic methods. In a reappraisal of 46 surveies related to concerted acquisition, Slavin ( 1983 ) found that concerted acquisition resulted in important positive effects in 63 % of the surveies, and merely two surveies reported higher accomplishment for the comparing group. Johnson, Maruyama, Johnson, Nelson, and Skon ( 1981 ) conducted a meta-analysis of 122 surveies related to cooperative acquisition and concluded that there was strong grounds for the high quality of concerted acquisition in advancing accomplishment over competitory and individualistic schemes. Johnson and Ahlgren ( 1976 ) examined the relationships between pupils ‘ attitudes toward cooperation, competition, and their attitudes toward instruction. The consequences of the survey indicated that pupil amenability, and non competitiveness, was positively related to being motivated to larn. Humphreys, Johnson, and Johnson ( 1982 ) besides found that pupils analyzing in a concerted acquisition intervention group rated their learning experience more positively than did pupils in competitory and individualistic intervention groups. In a survey affecting simple and secondary pupils Wodarski, et al. , ( 1980 ) found that 95 % of the simple pupils enjoyed the concerted acquisition activities and that they had learned a batch about the topic. Cooperative acquisition has its roots in the theories of societal mutuality, cognitive development, and behavioural acquisition. Some research provides exceptionally strong grounds that concerted larning consequences in greater attempt to accomplish, more positive relationships, and greater psychological wellness than competitory or individualistic acquisition attempts ( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1994 ( Social mutuality theory positions cooperation as ensuing from positive links of persons to carry through a common end. The Gesalt psychologist Kurt Koffka proposed in the early 1900 ‘s that although groups are dynamic wholes the mutuality among members is variable. Kurt Lewin ( 1948 ) stated that mutuality developed from common ends provides the indispensable kernel of a group. This mutuality creates groups that are dynamic wholes. The power of the group is such that a alteration in any member or subgroup straight alterations any other member or subgroup. Within cognitive development theory, cooperation must predate cognitive growing. Harmonizing to Emmer and Gerwels ( 2002 ) some research on concerted acquisition has addressed instructional constituents. In a figure of surveies pupils have been taught interaction accomplishments, such as how to oppugn or to assist each other so that they did non give replies but facilitated each other ‘s thought ( Fuchs, Fuchs, Kazdan, A ; Allen, 1999 ; Gillies A ; Ashman, 1996, 1998 ; Nattiv, 1994 ; Webb, Troper, A ; Fall, 1995 ) . And, when pupils are taught such accomplishments, positive results such as increased intrinsic motive, wishing for school, and self-pride can ensue ( Battistich, Solomon, A ; Delucchi, 1993 ) . Homogeneous grouping Homogeneous grouping has been proposed and implemented as a possible solution to run into the demands of the assorted ability categories, proposing that pupils of different abilities can be gathered in groups of same ability thereby easing direction ( Slavin, 1987 ) . This sort of grouping is based on the pedagogical rule that the instructor has the advantage of concentrating direction at the degree of all the pupils in the peculiar group ( Ansalone, 2000 ) . It is assumed that instructors of assorted ability categories can increase the gait and raise direction degree for high winners whereas low degree pupils can bask single attending. So, advanced students are taught more hard constructs while low winners deal with simple and fewer things. Advocates of homogenous grouping opine that it is an first-class agencies of individualising direction. Achievement is considered to increase as instructors adjust the gait of direction to pupils ‘ demands. Kulik and Kulik ( 1982 ) and Slavin ( 1987 ) carried out meta-analyses of surveies at the simple school degree, happening benefits of within-class ability grouping. Both low ability pupils and more advanced 1s placed in separate groups, benefited from direction addressed to their degree. More late, Mulkey et Al ( 2005 ) found that same ability grouping has persistent instructional benefits for both high and low degree pupils. Marsh ( 1987 ) supports HG as a manner of get bying with assorted ability categories presuming that grouping kids homogeneously enables those in lower ability groups to gain with regard to self-evaluation by being isolated from advanced equals. Furthermore, Allan ( 1991 ) supports that students model their behavior after the behavior of similar ability kids who are get bying good with their school work. The protagonists of homogenous grouping conclude that research fails to back up that homogenous grouping does n’t carry through anything ( Loveless, 1998 ) . Although instructors of assorted ability categories seem to hold positive attitudes towards homogenous grouping ( Scherer, 1993, Mulkey et Al, 2005 ) , the last one-fourth of the twentieth century witnessed terrible unfavorable judgment of ability grouping. It has been declared that this type of grouping stigmatizes lower ability pupils, offering them inferior direction. Several research workers argue that homogenous grouping does non vouch that all advanced or all weak pupils are likewise. Matthews ( 1997 ) conducted a relevant research with pupils in classs 6 through 8 determination that gifted pupils are well more diverse than they are homogenous. They vary in their grades of promotion, their abilities, their acquisition manners and involvements, their test-taking accomplishments, and their social/emotional development. So, garnering advanced kids of the assorted ability classes together in one group may non be the wisest solution to the job. Ability grouping may diminish the self-esteem and aspirations of low ability kids and hence slow their academic advancement. Welner and Mickelson ( 2000 ) carried out rather an extended research reappraisal happening that low ability kids are exposed to lowered outlooks, reduced resources and rote acquisition. Children ‘s self-concept is affected and outlooks are internalized ( Ireson and Hallam, 1999, Gamoran, 1987 ) . This implies that pupils of low ability in assorted ability categories are provided with low outlooks if placed in same ability groups doing them feelings of lower status. This is confirmed by Ansalone ( 2001 ) and Hallinan ( 1994 ) who demonstrated that kids assigned to lower ability groups, are exposed to less and more simplified versions of the course of study whereas high ability groups have broader and more ambitious stuff covered. In this sense, Oakes ( 1992 ) and Wheelock ( 2005 ) support that educational benefits in assorted ability scenes are non provid ed by homogenous grouping but instead by a ambitious course of study and high outlooks. Research has accumulated grounds bespeaking that schooling tends to increase single differences ( Van der Veer and Valsiner, 1991 ) . Homogeneous grouping seems to add more chances to advanced scholars who are normally middle-class or upper-middle-class kids, striping students who already suffer from socio-economic segregation, or those who are larning less fast. Kozo seems to hold that homogenous grouping amendss non merely low but besides high-ability pupils as the latter who are normally the flush kids are non given any chances to larn the virtuousnesss of assisting others or larning about unselfishness ( Scherer, 1993 ) . It is inferred that grouping pupils homogeneously for direction on the assorted ability categories is one more advantage conferred on those who already enjoy many. Heterogeneous grouping – Concerted acquisition Heterogeneous grouping, that is garnering kids of changing abilities in same groups has been proposed by many research workers as an effectual scheme to advance academic development of pupils holding diverse background cognition and abilities. Brimfield, Masci and Defiore ( 2002 ) believe that ‘all pupils deserve an academically disputing course of study ‘ ( p.15 ) . So, our end is to happen a manner to prosecute all students of the assorted ability schoolroom in the lesson irrespective of their abilities. The writers point out that by making mixed-ability groups, we send the compelling message that everybody is expected to work at the highest possible degree as high and low ability pupils trade with the same challenges. Disadvantaged students are at decreased hazard of being stigmatized and exposed to a ‘dumped-down ‘ course of study in a mixed-ability scene. Teachers ‘ outlooks for all students are maintained at higher degrees and less able pupils have chances to be assisted by more able equals. It is assumed that heterogenous grouping provides pupils entree to more learning chances. Johnson and Johnson ( 1987 ) recommend delegating kids of high, medium, and low abilities in the same group maximising the heterogenous make up of each group. Such ability diverseness within the same group creates an effectual acquisition environment ( Manlove and Baker, 1995 ) supplying larning chances for low-level pupils every bit good as chances to more advanced kids to supply accounts to others revising, consolidating and utilizing some things they have encountered before. The instructors can utilize concerted undertakings among high and low winners of assorted ability groups or braces in order to advance task battle of all pupils in the assorted ability category as advanced kids can supply accounts and counsel in transporting out a undertaking. Concerted undertakings among high and low winners are valued by the sociocultural theory of Vygotsky ( 1978 ) . Students of assorted ability categories differ at their competency degree and anterior lingual experiences. Vygotsky supports that kids who are exposed to books and other out-of-school factors which contribute to lingual development i.e.prior cognition of English from private institutional direction, are expected to hold already run through a big portion of their ZPD. On the other manus, students with hapless literacy chances i.e. without anterior cognition of English may possess a larger Zone of Proximal Development ( Van der Veer and Valsiner, 1991 ) . So, they may profit greatly from equal interactions which are likely to assist low degree pupils reach higher degrees of public presentation. In this model, Lyle ( 1999 ) showed that both low and high accomplishing pupils value the chance to work together as all students believed that they benefited. It was concluded that equal interactions can ease literacy development particularly of low ability pupils. In this vena, Guralnick ( 1992 ) points out that societal competency acquired in group work affects the amplification of all pupils ‘ cognitive competences, connoting that both low and advanced scholars of assorted ability categories may derive from such scenes. The function of equal acquisition as lending to linguistic communication development has besides been emphasized by Mize, Ladd and Price ( 1985 ) Webb ( 1989 ) , Jacob et Al ( 1996 ) and Slavin ( 1996 ) . Rogoff ( 1993 ) refers to kids ‘s societal sharing of their knowledge through interaction. When pupils participate in corporate activities, they guide each other ‘s attempts. Harmonizing to Tudge and Winterhoff ( 1993 ) advanced kids give changeless feedback through conversation coercing equals to endeavor for making higher degrees of public presentation. Assorted surveies have indicated a positive correlativity between concerted acquisition and accomplishment in assorted ability categories. For illustration, Walters ( 2000 ) asserts that concerted acquisition is suited for instructors covering with progressively diverse schoolrooms as it easy accommodates single differences in accomplishment. Consequently, Fulk and King ( 2001 ) support that ‘class-wide equal tutoring ‘ improves all pupils ‘ larning. They add that functioning in the function of coach seems to be peculiarly good for bettering the self-pride of pupils with low accomplishment while they may, for illustration, rate their spouse ‘s reading. Therefore, it appears that CL may fulfill the demands of a assorted ability category. Surveies conducted by Pica and Doughty ( 1985 ) , Porter ( 1986 ) , and Cotterall ( 1990 ) indicate that scholars of different abilities produce more in assorted ability brace and group work by assisting one another to get the better of cognitive obstructions. This decision is consistent with Urzua ‘s ( 1987 ) happening that the assorted ability kids in the experimental survey conducted, appeared to hold developed a sense of power in linguistic communication through the procedure of working with sure equals i.e. authorship and rewriting. The benefits of concerted acquisition are more touchable when it comes to written work. O’Donnell et Al ( 1985 ) found that engagement in concerted couples can better the quality of pupils ‘ public presentation on a written undertaking. Weak pupils of assorted ability categories can utilize advanced scholars as beginnings of information, noticing on and reviewing each other ‘s bill of exchanges in both unwritten and written formats ( Liu and Hansen, 2002 ) . Rollinson ( 2005:25 ) attributes this phenomenon to the possibility that ‘peer audiences are more sympathetic than the more distant instructor audience ‘ . Peer reappraisal groups are besides favoured by Huot ( 2002 ) and Inoue ( 2005 ) and Cotterall and Cohen ( 2003 ) who showed the positive effects of scaffolding in assorted ability scenes Concerted activities such as group probe are likely to promote diffident and low public presentation pupils since they have the advantage of necessitating the engagement of all group or brace members to transport out a undertaking, leting each member to make something harmonizing to one ‘s abilities. Reappraisal of Literature Ability grouping can be carried out between-class or within-class ( Dukmak 2009 ) . Between-class ability grouping refers to a school ‘s pattern of organizing schoolrooms that contains pupils of similar ability. Within-class grouping refers to a teacheraˆYs pattern of organizing groups of pupils of similar ability within an single category ( Gamoran, 1992 ; Hollified, 1987 ) An extended research has been conducted on ability grouping proposing that academically, high-achieving pupils achieve and learn more when they are grouped with other high-achieving pupils ( Gentry A ; Owens, 2002 ; Grossen, 1996 ; Hollified, 1987 ; Page A ; Keith, 1996 ) . In mixed-ability grouping it is hard to supply an equal environment for learning to everyone. Since pupils differ in cognition, accomplishments, developmental phase, and larning rate, one lesson might be easier for some pupils and more hard for the others ( Slavin, 1987b ) . In ability grouping, high-achieving pupils view their ain abilities more realistically and experience that they are suitably challenged with their equals ( Fiedler, Lange, and Wine-Brenner, 2002 ) . Mixed-ability grouping is based on concerted acquisition which demonstrates positive success related to pupil ‘s accomplishment. In this type of grouping, pupils work collaboratively to successfully accomplish a coveted educational result and develop a greater apprehension and regard for single differences. All signifiers of diverseness within the acquisition environment are embraced ( Felder A ; Brent, 2001 ; Freeman, 1993 ; Saleh, Lazonder, A ; DeJong, 2005 ) . Furthermore, in a mixed-ability, instructors respond to the individualised demands of all scholars ( Kulik A ; Kulik, 1992 ) . The most compelling statement against ability grouping is the creative activity of academic elites – a pattern which goes against democratic ideals ( Slavin, 1987a ) . Johnson and Johnson ( 1999 ) and Johnson, Johnson and Smith ( 1998 ) say that concerted acquisition has five basic elements. The elements are â€Å" positive mutuality, single answerability, promotive interaction, appropriate usage of societal accomplishments, and periodic processing of how to better the effectivity of the group † ( Johnson A ; Johnson 1999 ) .When these elements are decently implemented, the research has shown that â€Å" group coaction in the schoolroom can increase acquisition and accomplishment, societal accomplishments, self-esteem, and attitudes toward schoolmates and school † ( Slavin, 1990 as cited in Webb, Nemer A ; Zuniga 2002 ) . Puting pupils in squads or concerted acquisition groups has many advantages. It helps to construct a pupil ‘s communicating accomplishments, can assist increase tolerance and the credence of diverseness, promotes higher degree logical thinking, promotes increased coevals of new thoughts, promotes greater tran sportation of information from one state of affairs to another, increases keeping, builds teamwork accomplishments, reduces emphasis, and â€Å" increased willingness to try disputing undertakings † ( Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ; Huss, 2006 ; Lin, 2006 ; Payne A ; Monk-Turner, 2006 ; Patrick, Bangel, A ; Jeon 2005 ; Kim 2004 ; Vaughn, 2002 ; Johnson A ; Johnson, 1999 ; Johnson, Johnson A ; Smith, 1998 ; Slavin, 1996 ) . The concerted acquisition experience besides [ gives ] pupils the chance to reexamine and larn information that they did non understand before the concerted acquisition activity ( Webb, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Lin ( 2006, ) , research has concluded that concerted acquisition is the top ranked learning theoretical account that â€Å" promotes greater higher-order thought, job resolution, and accomplishment. † Students can retrieve 75-90 % of stuffs when they learn it in concerted acquisition state of affairss ( Lin, 2006 ) . In a study of college pupils after an experiment affecting group work, Payne and Monk-Turner ( 2006 ) found that 90 % of pupils favored group work and that 90 % learned from their group members. Since 1924, 168 surveies have been conducted that comparison concerted acquisition to competitory and single acquisition. These surveies have shown that concerted acquisition outputs higher academic accomplishment than single and competitory acquisition ( Johnson, Johnson A ; Smith, 1998 ) . Concerted acquisition groups are besides said to be peculiarly good to low academic achieving pupils and pupils of colour ( Huss, 2006 ; Vaughn, 2002 ) . Concerted larning groups appear to be successful for many grounds. Students become an instrumental portion of the group when they feel their attempts will lend to the success of the group ( Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ) . Students are successful and learn in concerted acquisition groups because â€Å" [ they ] learn by making instead than listening † ( Payne, Monk-Turner, A ; Smith 2006 ) and because they are actively utilizing the stuff and information ( Zimbardo, Butler, Wolfe, 2003 ) . Concerted acquisition besides strengthens pupils societal interactions, it gives them the desire â€Å" to accomplish, [ to develop ] more positive interpersonal relationships, and [ have ] greater psychological wellness than competitory or individualistic acquisition attempts † ( Johnson, Johnson, A ; Holubec, 1994 as cited in Morgan, 2003, ) . Concerted acquisition can learn pupils that â€Å" ( a ) that cognition can be, or should be, shared with fellow pupils ; ( B ) that differen ces in sentiment can be rationally negotiated even under conditions of trial force per unit areas ; and ( degree Celsius ) that cooperative larning processs can be gratifying and productive † ( Zimbardo et al. , 2003, ) . These types of lessons enable pupils to larn how to work good with others. The mutualist relationships that develop within a group aid to ease the group ‘s success. Everyone feels the end of the group will be met if everyone achieves their single ends ( Vaughn, 2002 ; Morgan, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Morgan ( 2004 ) , group members should besides be cognizant of the fact that a individual group member can impact how and/or if the end is achieved. The concerted acquisition experience is most effectual when the participants work good together and they successfully achieve their end. There are many features to successful squads. Some of these features include unfastened communicating, efficaciously listening, open-mindedness, clear functions, an established leader, clearly defined undertakings, teamwork where everyone works together and contributes, there are good developed come-at-able ends ( Payne, Monk-Turner, 2006 ; Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ) , and a timeline ( Payne A ; Monk-Turner, 2006 ) . In a schoolroom, there are besides many things a instructor can make to assist see the success of a group activity. The instructor should supply strong counsel ( Payne A ; Monk-Turner, 2006 ; Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ) , model the coveted behaviour, supply immediate feedback, and reward desired behaviour ( Lin, 2006 ; Baker A ; Campbell, 2005 ) . The instructor can besides utilize cheques and balances to supervise productiveness, e mploy assorted job work outing schemes ( Friend A ; Cook, 2007 ) , lengthen the sum of clip the group spends together, supply proper group behaviour preparation, set up â€Å" land regulations † ( Mitchell, Reilly, Bramwell, 2004 ) and let group members rate each other ( Lin, 2006 ) . If the instructor proctors, provides wagess and allows the pupils to rate each other, it may cut down the effects of a shirker and maintain pupils from acquiring a class they do non merit ( Payne A ; Monk-Turner, 2006 ) . Students that slack off can demotivate difficult working pupils and give them a negative feeling about group work ( Ashraf, 2004 ) . Many surveies have been conducted that demonstrate the success of teaming. Robert Slavin has conducted extended research on the execution of concerted acquisition theoretical accounts in schools. He has examined the effects schools going complete concerted acquisition centres on their academic accomplishment. He has found many successful state of affairss where lower acting schools were transformed because they converted to a concerted acquisition format ( Slavin, 1999 22-23 ) . Payne and Monk Turner ( 2006 ) conducted a survey that examined how pupils felt about squads. In this survey, they assigned pupils to groups, gave them an assignment, and so asked them how they felt about the assignment after the group undertaking was completed. They found that 90 % of the pupils had a favourable experience, 90 % of the pupils learned from their group members, and 85 % of the pupils felt they learned teaming accomplishments that could be transcended into concern. Baker and Campbell ( 2005 ) c onducted a survey in which pupils were placed in groups and observed that the pupils who worked in groups, as opposed to working separately, were more successful because they had more entree to knowledge, they felt pressured to win to maintain the group from neglecting, and the assorted personalities helped relieve the emphasis of the jobs. For illustration a member frequently told gags to assist lesson the tenseness. Additionally, members frequently provided positive support and motive. Puting pupils in groups to take trials is another manner to utilize concerted acquisition and group work. Morgan examined the benefits and nonbenefits of college pupils finishing tests utilizing concerted acquisition groups. She concluded that â€Å" The increased deepness of apprehension, the feelings of support, regard for other ‘s parts, and the elucidation of information produced more pupils with a greater consciousness of the stuff and more developed societal accomplishments to be lending members of squads † ( Morgan, 2004 ) . The apprehension of successful concerted larning group theoretical accounts non merely affects groups in grade school ; it besides affects groups in occupations and college. Harmonizing to Payne, Monk-Turner, and Smith ( 2006 ) â€Å" employers want college alumnuss that have developed teamwork accomplishments. † Miglietti ( 2002 ) says that group work is normally used in the workplace and employers want to engage people with these acco mplishments. Furthermore, these accomplishments can be learned when pupils are placed in successful squads where the ends have been reached. Socialization and communicating are illustrations of accomplishments that pupils learn in groups that can assist their passage into the concern universe ( Payne et al. , 2006 ) . In a study of college pupils, after a survey affecting group work, Payne and Monk-Turner ( 2006 ) found that 85 % of college pupils admitted that making group work would likely work on squads in future occupations. Participants The topics of this survey will be 46 11th graders representing two scientific discipline categories in Al Dahmaa Model School. Based on the consequences of a trial prepared by the research worker and correlated to the pupils ‘ last semester consequences of the concluding authorship test they will be grouped harmonizing to their abilities in authorship. Another tool to find the grouping of the pupils the research worker will analyse the information provided to the school of the EMSA test which is a national external appraisal of the pupils in the UAE which step pupils ‘ accomplishment in math, scientific discipline, Arabic and English reading and authorship. The research worker will be concerned with the consequences of the authorship exam merely as all the consequences are provided individually. Few points to reference here, foremost is that the pupils will be divided into groups for the intent of composing direction and activities merely. Since pupils ‘ abilities vary from accomplishment to skill, for the intent of this research, labeling pupils of higher, mean and lower winners will merely be mentioning to their abilities in composing merely. In add-on, a peculiar degree or group is non based on the capable perceptual experience or the other label, but on the consequences of the nonsubjective appraisal tool. In other words pupils will non be grouped harmonizing to other accomplishments than composing, such as their eloquence or their unwritten abilities, chiefly the consequences of a valid arrangement trial in their authorship abilities. Procedures In one category, the pupils will be grouped homogeneously, when high winners in composing gt ; ? will sit together and low winners lt ; ? will sit together. In the 2nd category pupils will be grouped heterogeneously in assorted ability groups when each group will include high and low winners in authorship. A pretest will be held for the participants before grouping them. The intervention will include teaching pupils composing schemes that will be covered within 20 Sessionss each session is 45 proceedingss stand foring a school twenty-four hours period. The posttest will be held shortly after the terminal of the whole Sessionss. During the Sessionss the pupils will be trained on utilizing the composing schemes such equal and ego redaction, outlining and peer rectification. The learning techniques and schemes will be varied harmonizing groups abilities. The instructor will follow the techniques suited for each group individually but the content of the intervention will be the same. How to cite The Effectiveness Of Collaborative Learning Education Essay, Essay examples

Describe the various stages of the typical lifecycle of an individual in the UK today and identify the most relevant financial products that should be considered at each stage free essay sample

Describe the various stages of the typical lifecycle of an individual in the UK today and identify the most relevant financial products that should be considered at each stage To date, the interpretation of the concept of life cycle of the individual has a lot of variations. In this case, the main of them wearing in one degree or another echo of the financial and economic issues, is: The sequence of qualitatively different stages of development of the organism. Model income and consumption over the life. With regard to the first definition, then there also exists a certain gradation, which is the existence of several theories regarding the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the stages of the life cycle. The most famous theory of division of the life cycle of an individual on the steps of the theory are researchers such as Alpheus Hyatt, Sullivan, Thomas S. Dalton, Randy B. Evans, and also such theory as of E. Erikson and Joel Martin. The most expedient and convenient to the financial context of the question is the theory of the division of the life cycle of an individual to a number of stages by Alpheus Hyatt. This theory is the basis for the division of the life cycle of an individual to 3 stages: formation, productive phase and effective step. Phase formation covers the time period from the moment of birth of the individual up to 25 32 years. This period is due to the formation of life basis, so on the first stage of the life cycle is the formation of the moral aspects of the personality, the initial accumulation of experience and the formation of an information foundation that actually affects the formation of a set of financial products most commonly consumed by the population of the United Kingdom in the future. Productive stage is the second stage in the life cycle of an individual, including an individual residing in the United Kingdom. This stage lasts from the end of the formation phase of up to 54 62 years. This cycle is considered to be working during it productively apply the knowledge and experience gained and accumulated during the formation phase. These years were marked by a high capacity for work and the desire to implement ideas and achieve their goals. Finally, the third stage of the life cycle score is final. It extends from the end of the productive phase until the end of life. It was during this cycle; individuals are satisfied with the achievements and receive a reward for all his works and deeds, not only morally, but also in material terms. As for the second definition of the life cycle of the individual, in this case it should be noted that in the context of the problem, the latter is more rational in terms of financial and economic sense, and as the former requires more detailed consideration, but at the same time, the latter is specifies the elements of a continuation and development stages of the first definition, namely, its financial and economic sense. In this regard, it is worth noting that in the present world context of the above issue, it is a rational assumption that, as a rule, children who actually represent the first stage in the life cycle, live at the expense of their parents, if we talk about the first part of the first phase life cycle, namely up to 18 years, speaking about the citizens of the United Kingdom. In addition, the first stage of the life cycle, as well as generally achieved the highest level of consumption, which is due to a period of the early years of adulthood, and forcing a number of items to purchase household goods and parenting. Such financial and economic characteristics of the first period of the life cycle, flows smoothly into the second, but in the first case applies the highest consumption level in the second half stage , what concerns the productive phase of the life cycle, in this case, the highest consumption level in the first half of the spread phase. This model leads to a model of savings, which are usually small in the early years of adulthood, high in the period after the children have grown and become negative during retirement. Thus, the youth begins with low incomes (1th stage of the life cycle), which is gradually increased until it reaches middle age (the 2nd stage of the life cycle), and then the characteristic of income is the sharp decline stage (third stage of life cycle), due to retirement. Usually, the third stage of the life cycle as well due to the receipt of earned income and more (to the end of life), but usually in smaller amounts. Consequently, the assets of households tend to grow until retirement and a reduction thereafter. Start and whether the finish if in fact the assets at zero depends on how society relates to the question of inheritance: the majority of people, particularly those who living in the UK leave positive assets at the time of his death, if only because they do not know when it will happen. Also worth noting, and take into account when considering the life cycle of a typical person in the UK today, the fact that the life-cycle model of savings assumes that the distribution of assets will be uneven between households, even if their incomes and social positions within the same life cycle. Along with all the above, it should be noted that all life cycle stages listed above are typical for any individual residing in the territory of more and less economically developed countries in general, and for individuals residing in the territory particularly the United Kingdom. Considering the financial products as part of normal everyday life of individuals living in the United Kingdom in each of these stages of the life cycle, it should be noted that financial products are integral part of daily life. With regard to the factors described through the use of financial products throughout the life cycle of the individual resided in the UK to date, it should be noted that the most common financial products today are shares, loans, particularly mortgages, deposits, options, futures, swaps, those insurance some aspect of life and objects, as well as commodity contracts and interest rates. All of the above financial products individuals residing in the United Kingdom is used throughout the life cycle. At the same time, depending on the stage of the life cycle of an individual uses certain financial products, inherent to its needs relevant to this stage. At the first stage of the life cycle, so from birth to 25 32 years, United Kingdom for individuals most relevant is the use of such financial products, such as long-term and Short-term loans, particularly mortgages, compulsory insurance, in particular, Medical insurance, pension insurance and liability insurance, in addition, quite common in the above-mentioned period of the life cycle of an individual is the UK property insurance. At the second stage of the life cycle, so from 25 32 years and 54 62 years of the United Kingdom most individual relevance use financial products such as stocks, options, futures and swaps , as well as commodity contracts and interest rates. At the same time, so it should be noted that at this stage of life do not lose relevance and financial products such as compulsory insurance and property insurance, as well urgent to use life and health insurance. Thus, considering all of the above it should be noted that the second phase of the life cycle of an individual residing in the UK, today used the widest range of financial products than during other stages. The reason for this state of affairs is the fact that it was during the second stage of the life cycle, as a rule, most individuals who living in the UK reach a peak of career, have a family, get a certain amount of real estate and other property, as well as characterized by the highest level of wages for all life cycle. In the third stage of the life cycle, the most relevant financial products used by individuals of the United Kingdom are the deposits, most types of insurance, especially with regard to life insurance, as well as the most reliable stocks and other securities. As seen from the above, in the third stage of the life cycle most individuals are trying to best protect their use of financial products, reducing the risks to minimum that is logical, given that the reporting stage of the life cycle lasts from 54 62 years until his death. Analyzing the life cycle of an individual United Kingdom, as well it should be noted that the only financial product that is gaining relevance for UK citizens at the stage of formation, and does not lose so for productive and efficient life-cycle stages is insurance. In this case, depending on the stage of the life cycle are added only certain types of insurance and insurance objects. This situation is related not only to the existence of the United Kingdom of compulsory insurance, which in itself suggests the beginning of the use of insurance to meet individual age and continues until death, but also the factor that the whole life cycle of the individual accompanies a number of risks of varying complexity and specifically, these risks relate to most other financial products used by individuals throughout life. Of course, the actual separation of the above financial products for individuals residing in the United Kingdom is far from ambiguous, since it depends not only on the age group that falls under one or another individual, but also on other factors, for example such as the scope of activities, family status, presence of children, average salary, and others. For example, the likelihood that students will benefit from the mortgage insurance or property is extremely small, but if the stage of formation (in the second half of the stage) the individual is enrolled in higher educational institution (for example in postgraduate) has a wife and / or children, the probability of acquiring such individual mortgage and other long-term loans, as well as property insurance, increases dramatically. Along with this, there is an example of a large homeowner or just an entrepreneur and working diner, which are on the second stage of the life cycle. Range of financial products an individual representing the first and second class will be significantly different. For the first and most urgent is to use various tools to expand their existing business, by finding additional sources of joining the capital, one of which is the acquisition of commodity contracts, options, futures and swaps, as all of these financial products can not only increase the capital of the individual, but and to do this in the shortest possible period of time in comparison with other financial products. For an ordinary worker, all financial products relevant to a wealthy individual would not be as relevant for a given individual will acquire greater relevance compulsory insurance and the use of shares and promissory notes. However, at this graduation, presented earlier are the most widespread and the most relevant classification of financial products such individuals regarding the use of the United Kingdom. Reference List 1. Alpheus, H. (1902) Cycle in the life of the individual (Ontogeny) and in the evolution of its own group (Phylogeny).

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Labor in Colonial America to The Origins of Slave labor essays

Labor in Colonial America to The Origins of Slave labor essays It is a common held belief that slavery was a direct result of racism and that it appeared suddenly. As a matter of fact, racism developed gradually and was the consequence of certain business and economic decisions. In Colonial America, there were three contending systems of production in Labor. There was the plantation system, which consisted in having large farms, and hired or enslaved laborers. Another system was the family based farming in New England and the Middle Colonies, which produces primarily for the family and local community. The third system of production was the artisan crafts. There were 100 or more crafts (carpentry, printing...). The three main forms of European (White) Labor were, voluntary, semi-voluntary and involuntary. The voluntary laborers were indentured or went of their own freewill. The indentures would agree to work without pay for a certain amount of time. The semi-voluntary laborers were mostly young apprentices, while the involuntary laborers were transportees. Two different experiences in Colonial America took place; one in the city of Jamestown in Chesapeake, and the other in New England. -Jamestown was founded as a profit-making corporation with God, Glory, Gold as a slogan. Jamestown turned out to be a total disaster. Only 60 people had survived in 1609, out of the 800 who arrived in 1607. They had come with no real intention of working, and only a few were skilled workers. Their relations with the Indians were disastrous meaning a lot of people were killed. Most deaths were caused by starvation. Tobacco was becoming more popular and this helped Jamestown to make a lot of money but also created economic problems such as labor shortage. Chesapeake could either exploit indentures or encourage immigrants. Those who survived made claims on their land bringing about inequalities between rich and poor planters and creating rebellions such as Bacons Rebellio...

Birth Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Birth Control - Assignment Example Firstly, the world population is increasingly growing faster and even if one cannot feel the effects of earth’s growing population, many other nations are lacking basic needs and loosing resources. Therefore, philosophers and scientists argue that birth control can act significantly in slowing down the rate of population growth in the world and also prevent the increasing rate of deaths of infants. For instance, less than 5% people in many nations in Africa use the contraceptives; thus this increases the possibility of over population in the world. If the percentage of people using contraceptives was much higher and people could be aware of the advantages of using the controls it could assist everyone in the planet in terms of resources and basic needs. Therefore, there is need to help everyone understand the advantage of reducing or controlling population to help people have balanced resources and be able to get their basic needs.Secondly, people argue that it is reasonable a ccepting birth control to be a moral matter and also more of ethics. It can be immoral preventing conception but also it is not ethical to willingly permit ourselves causing unwanted pregnancies that may lead to more destitution. Some ladies tend to get unwanted pregnancies and make the infant suffer as they do not have income or resources to support the child. As a result many children are raised in such conditions whereby they were born unplanned and become miserable as their parents or mothers cannot afford raising them and providing all their basic needs.

Hunting Methods of Early Man Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hunting Methods of Early Man - Research Paper Example The major distinguishing feature of Homo habilis is his ability to organize into groups. This idea became possible because of the development of language that eased communication and understanding (Leakey 3). The groupings build more strength and hunting became easier with increased chances of success and low risks of attacks from animals. It is in this stage that man began making and using tools from stones and this is why the name handyman becomes more appropriate in describing him. The tools facilitated the hunting process and made killing easier and this enabled him to start killing bigger animals for food. The tools also gave him an advantage and he could thus fight back in case of any aggression from some other animals. The tools also enabled him to split the prey into smaller pieces to easily, carry the meat to their proffered destination as well as in the preparation of the meat before consumption. This, therefore, enabled him to lead a more settled life compared to the earli er species. However, the man did not establish permanent settlements like towns and cities because from time to time he had to move from one place to another in search of animals to hunt (Leakey 3). Despite feeding on meat, the man also consumed fruits, leaves, roots, insects as well as birds and their eggs. The conditions prevailing in the environment sometimes forced him to resolve into omnivorous especially when there were no animals to hunt. The man hunted in groups, as the chances of succeeding were very low if one hunted alone. They, therefore, used to move together while ganging up on the prey killing with very great force. Homo habilis, just as the other earlier species of man was also a scavenger feeding on fruits and berries that he collected from his environment.

Development of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDS)

Development of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDS) 1.1 CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (CDDS) Now a day’s on the development of Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) marked consideration has been focused. The method of drug delivery to the site of action shows a significant effect on its efficacy. It leads to the development and evolution of novel drug delivery systems that enhanced performance of potential drug molecules. Novel drug delivery systems play a key role in pharmaceutical research and development. Since when compared new chemical moiety the developmental cost and time required for introducing NDDS is relatively low. Oral route remains one of the most ‘natural’ routes of drug administration and has seen remarkable accomplishments in the last couple of decades towards optimization of oral delivery of drug molecules. Oral ingestion is one of the oldest and most extensively used routes of drug administration. They provide an effective method of obtaining systemic and local effects. Drug delivery describes a process whereby a therapeutic agent is administered to the body in a controlled manner. The product’s commercial and clinical value, product differentiation can be improved by developed drug delivery technologies. These advanced technologies serve as an advanced resource to outreach the competition. By simplifying the administration and dosing regimen drug delivery technologies make medicine more acceptable and convenient to a patient. Any drug molecule by using Novel drug delivery system (NDDS) can get a ‘new life,’ and thus improving the competitiveness, patent life and market value. Among different NDDS present in the market, the major share in the market is hold by the oral controlled release systems because of its greater benefits of patient compliance and ease of administration. The development of novel and highly versatile delivery systems and osmotic drug delivery systems are the major contribution in oral NDDS. Basically, there are three novel modes of drug delivery, i.e. Targeted delivery, Modulated release and Controlled release. Targeted delivery refers to the administration of a drug carrier systemically in order to deliver drug to the specific type of cells, tissues or organs. Modulated release implies use of a drug delivery device that releases the drug under controlled environmental conditions, bio feedback, sensor input or an external control device at a variable rate. Controlled release refers to a specific device that delivers the drug at specific release profiles or at a predetermined rate into the patient body. 1.1 CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (CDDS) The nature of the controlled release dosage form is such that the release is determined by the design of the system and the physiochemical properties of the drug and is independent of the external factors or the microenvironment in which the dosage form is placed. These products typically provide significant benefits over immediate-release conventional dosage formulations. Optimum therapy with repetitive administration of conventional dosage forms (e.g. injectables, liquids or tablets) can classically be pursued by dosage scheduling. The aim of this process is to maintain drug concentration in a therapeutic range, above the minimum effective concentration and below the toxic concentration. Thus CDDS avoids the undesirable saw tooth characteristics of the plasma concentration vs time profiles of the conventional drug products. A diagrammatic illustration of controlled versus conventional dosage delivery is shown in Figure-1. Fig 1.1 Plasma Time profile of controlled drug release and conventional release The plasma concentration of the drug reaches a maximum (crest) with conventional dosage forms and then decrease (trough) at the point where repeated administrations becomes necessary to maintain the plasma drug concentration. Very often the initial concentration is above the therapeutically effective level that may increase the risk of side effects. Conventional dosage forms can thus result in a drug regimen in which the drug concentration oscillates between alternating periods of overdose and inefficiency. The delivery of drug at controlled rate over an extended period of time is represented mathematically: Rate in = Rate out = Ke x Cd x Vd Where Cd is the desired drug level, Vd is the volume of distribution and Ke rate content for drug elimination from the body. Added to this, the high cost of development of new, safe, specific and effective drug molecule is prohibitive and developing nations virtually cannot afford such integrated multi-group cost intensive drug development ventures. Therefore, many pharmaceutical industries and drug research institute oriented their efforts to develop pre-programmed unattended delivery of drug at a rate and for a period to meet and achieve the therapeutic need. These systems are coined as Controlled drug delivery systems Table 1.1 Classification of oral controlled release systems depending on mechanism of Release 3 (vyas etal,2002) 1.1.1. ADVANTAGES OF CONTROLLED RELEASE PRODUCTS 4 As controlled release dosage form are slightly expensive than conventional formulations, they cannot be justified unless they offer come clinical or practical advantages given below: Reduction in dosing frequency More uniform effect Reduced fluctuation in steady levels Increased safety margin of high potency drugs Improved patient convenience and compliance Reduced in total amount of dose administered Avoidance of night time dosing Reducing of GI irritation and other dose related side effects and Reduction in health care cost. 1.1.2.DISADVANTAGES OF CONTROLLED RELEASE PRODUCTS 4 However, controlled drug delivery systems also have some disadvantages. They include, High cost; Poor systemic availability; Unpredictable and often poor invitro-invivo correlation; Possibility of dose dumping; Dosage adjustments potential is reduced; First pass clearance potential is increased; In case of hypersensitivity reactions, toxicity or poisoning drug retrieval is difficult; Effect of oral dose depends on Mean Residence Time. To control or change the drug release from a dosage form there will be a number of design options. Most of the per oral controlled release dosage forms comes under the category of osmotic, matrix or reservoir systems. The polymer matrix contains embedded drug in matrix systems in which the release occurs by partitioning of drug into the release medium and polymer matrix. In case of reservoir systems a rate controlling membrane is surrounded and coated around the drug core. But, drug release from conventional controlled systems i.e., reservoir and matrix systems is affected by various factors like presence of food, pH and different physiological factors. In case of osmotic systems the drug is delivered based on the principles of osmotic pressure. The drug release from this system doesn’t depend on the pH and various physiological parameters and thus by optimizing the drug and systems properties the release characteristics can be modulated. 1.2. OSMOTIC DRUG DELLIVERY SYSTEMS – A REVIEW 1.2.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In 1955 Rose and Nelson utilized the principles of osmotic pressure in drug delivery for the first time. They described two systems; one that delivered 0.02 ml/day for 100 days and another that delivered 0.5 ml/day for 4 days, both for use in Pharmacological research. In the 1970s, Higuchi and Leeper proposed a series of variations of the Rose-Nelson pump5. Theeuwes further modified the Rose-Nelson pump and developed a system. Small osmotic pumps of these forms are sold under the trade name ALZET (Alza Corp., CA). The device has a volume of approximately 170Â µl, and the normal delivery rate is 1Â µl/hr. A major milestone was achieved in 1974 with the description by Theeuwes and Alza’s co-workers of a tablet design composed of a compressed tablet-core surrounded by a semi permeable membrane with a single orifice, so-called Elementary osmotic pump (EOP). This design adaptation for human use was conveniently processable using standard tabletting and coating procedures and equipment. The first two products indomethacin, Osmosin6 and phenylpropanolamine, Acutrim TM6 were launched in the 1980s. Oral osmotic drug delivery system (OODS) development continued with two new OODS designs, the controlled-porosity osmotic pumps (CPOP) and the push-pull osmotic pumps (PPOP). The first of these was the CPOP, which was designed to decrease the risk of extremely localized drug-induced irritation at the site close to the orifice. In the 2000s, a new drug product based on OODS technology was formulated to deliver methylphenidate to children (above the age of 6 years) with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These delivery systems were based on a new design, the push-stick osmotic pumps (PSOP), which combined immediate and sustained drug release phases. The drug release from this system doesn’t depend on the pH and various physiological parameters and thus by optimizing the drug and systems properties the release characteristics can be modulated. In the last few years more number of patents are granted on these oral omotic drug delivery systems. These systems has ability to improve therapeutic agents clinical profile and so they are becoming one of the most attractive technologies today. Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery system for the controlled delivery of active agents follows osmotic pressure principle. For the controlled drug delivery osmotic devices are most assured strategy based systems. Among the controlled drug delivery systems these are most reliable systems. Osmotic systems could be used in the form of implantable devices or oral drug delivery systems. Osmotic pump tablet (OPT) generally consists of a core including the drug, an osmotic agent, other excipients and semi-permeable membrane coat. 1.2.2. THEORY Osmosis can be defined as spontaneous movement of a solvent from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration through an ideal semi permeable membrane, which is permeable only to the solvent and impermeable to solute. The pressure applied to the higher-concentration side to inhibit solvent flow is called osmotic pressure8. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, which depends on concentration of solute that contributes to osmotic pressure. Solutions of different concentrations having the same solute and solvent system exhibit an osmotic pressure proportional to their concentrations. Thus a constant osmotic pressure, and thereby a constant influx of water can be achieved by an osmotic delivery system that results in a constant zero order release rate of drug8. PRINCIPLE OF OSMOSIS An osmotic system releases a therapeutic agent at a predetermined, zero order delivery rate based on the principle of Osmosis, which is movement of a solvent from lower concentration of solute towards higher concentration of solute across a semi-permeable membrane. When osmotic system is administered, from the one or more delivery ports the drug that contain suspension or solutions is pumped out of the core due to the hydrostatic pressure developed by the imbibition of water in to the core osmotically through the semi-permeable membrane. By the water influx through semi-permeable membrane the delivery of drug from this system can be controlled. Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to temperature and concentration and the following equation describes the relation between them: ÃŽ   = ØcRT where OP = osmotic pressure, ÃŽ   = osmotic coefficient, c = molar concentration, R = gas constant, T = Absolute temperature. OSMOTIC PUMPS Osmotic pump is a new delivery device, which delivers drugs or other active agents at a controlled rate by the principle of osmosis. Control resides in the water permeation properties of the formulations Table: 1.2 Examples of some marketed band of Osmotic drug delivery system7 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY, SVCPPAGE 1

Evaluating Employees with Ease Essay

Performance evaluations are a critical component of human resource management in any organization. In â€Å"Evaluating Employees with Ease† Sharon LaBuke gives useful tips designed to help nursing employers conduct evaluations that translate into a positive experience for their employees. In LaDuke’s view, the first priority is to strategize the process. A good place to start is the examination of the evaluation document that forms â€Å"a common frame of reference for both manager and employee† (LaDuke, n.d., p. 49). It is noteworthy that the author places cultural issues at the top of the list of priorities, suggesting that employers thoroughly evaluate the culture of their facility to see whether the process is consistent with the culture. Relationships with the people evaluated and finding the right language are also at the top of the list, since these issues help set the right kind of atmosphere for the evaluation process, suggesting that people will feel better if they know the employer has the right kind of attitude. The second set of suggestions involves more organizational aspects. For example, LaDuke suggests that people will feel the evaluation is more objective when they know that they are being evaluated on an ongoing basis, with feedback offered throughout the year. To help make assessments more detailed and grounded in facts, employers can log important events and try to address them in a timely fashion. The creation of a personal plan for improvement is also a useful idea. Created with staff input, this plan can serve as a roadmap for individual development, helping the person to focus on the right areas. Constantly following up on the progress with the plan, the manager can create an ongoing dialogue with the employee concerning personal needs. The author effectively captures the most important points in the evaluation process. It is helpful that the focus is on the personal development of the employee, not on evaluation per se. the nurturing nature of such evaluation clearly has the potential to contribute to the employees’ development and foster adequate atmosphere in the organization. Reference LaDuke, S. (n.d.). Evaluating Employees with Ease.

History DBQ

Ancient World: Civilizations and Religion Thousands of years ago, Ancient River Civilizations were thriving. At the time, they were like Paris, France, London, England or New York, New York; they were the places everyone wanted to be. These river civilizations established farming, formal religious rituals, governments, and writing and with all of these put together, they eventually became popular cities that created technology that made life much easier. You might have heard of many of these well known ancient civilizations such as: Mesopotamia,Egypt, India, and China. None of these civilizations would have been known if they hadn't made use of the technology and ways of living they developed. Ancient Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is one of the many well known river civilizations. Ancient Mesopotamia consisted of city states including Assyria, Babylon, and many others. According to Document #1 , at around BBC, Assyrian physicians came up with the brill iant idea of using bandages to reduce swelling and to heal wounds. Might this be where the creation of â€Å"Band-Aids† started?It's always a possibility; the Ancient Mesopotamia created this thousands of years ago and we kept the invention growing because it worked. With the creation of the bandage, the Mesopotamia gained some thrill points in the area of medicine. The idea that was probably thought of as absurd eventually ended up being a technology that everybody uses to prevent wounds from becoming worse than what they start as. Bandages are still being used and updated in the 21st century. Imagine bandages in the next hundred years! Bandages weren't the only things Mesopotamia could boast about creating! Document #3 mentions that inBabylon, between 600 and BBC, Manipulators, king of Babylon, started developing the building of the Great Ramparts of Babylon. However, by the time Unpopularity's reign was ending, he had not yet finished the Great Ramparts. So his eldest son, Nebuchadnezzar, finished the Ramparts for his father. The finished Ramparts had a moat, 2 strong walls made of burnt brick circling the area, and fences 2. These Ramparts provided a type of safety barrier for the Babylonians. It protected them from the outside world; it was almost impossible from anyone to get in, and unless you knew a passageway, it was hard to get out.The next River civilization is Ancient Egypt. Egypt, located near the Nile River, was well known for many things. These things included their new means of travel, their process of mummification, their pyramids, and many more! If you've read the Kane Chronicles Series by Rick Ordain, you would already have some background information in mind about Ancient Egypt. However, in case you haven't read the book, the picture in Document #2 shows that when it came to transportation across the Nile, navigation was tough.Not many people were able to get through the Niles cataracts, rocks, rapids and waterfalls and hill they wer e traveling across the Nile, things happened and they were never seen again. So, the Egyptians created a boat called a Baroque. The Baroque helped travel across the Nile become easier. Baroque's were stronger than most other boats, so crashing into a rock once or twice didn't cause much damage. The Ancient Egyptians were also huge on domesticating plants and animals. They domesticated as much as cows down to the papyrus plant that they used to draw this primary source!The domesticated animals mainly helped with transportation on land and with food. The animals with higher populations could easily be killed to make food the same way we kill pigs, chicken, and cows to eat. The bigger animals such as cows could help carry things necessary to make even the smallest voyage into the desert. That's not the only thing Egyptians are known for! While the creation of the baroque bought Egypt thrill points in travel and the domestication of plants and animals bought the same in farming, the Anc ient civilization's most known skill was mummification.Document #4 describes the process of mummification. First, the embalmers, also known as the people who mummify the body, take out all of the body's organs and store them in separate Jars. Each lung gets a big Jar, the heart gets a medium sized Jar, the eyes are removed and put in smaller Jars, so on and so forth. The embalmers then slice open the corpse and fill the stomach with spices and herbs to make sure the body doesn't smell extremely bad after time. They then sew the body back together and put the body in salt for 70 days to mummify.After the 70 days, they wrap the corpse in bandages bonded by gum and put the body in a caskets. This entire process was done to King Tutu, and other pharaohs of the time. The mummification process bought experience to the Ancient Egyptians on medicine and preservation. Ancient India is another river civilization that advanced over the creation and use of new technologies. Located in the Indus River Valley, India created very unique towns in comparison to most other river civilizations.As shown in Document #6, Ancient India was an urban area with lots of streets and houses. Ancient India back then was similar to the Urbana of New York currently. There were houses from 1 story to 3 stories made of bricks, and these houses all had yards, Just like most houses in neighborhoods do. Each house was circled by a fence and right out of those fences we streets that led to other houses or other places. The ancient Indus civilization also had drainage systems in every house that led to the main street where there was lots of room to store the civilization's waste.I personally believe that the Indus River civilization was the most similar to America today because of the fact that their cities were so urbanize. Ancient China, located between the Yanking and Yellow rivers is the last major Ancient River civilization. China is well known today for exporting the majority of America's go ods. However, according to Document #7, during the 1 lath century BC, China was big with silk. If you've read Project Mulberry by Linda Sue Park, it tells a story of a young Chinese girl that does a project relating to the silk creating rates of silkworms in Mulberry trees.This was called sericulture. In Ancient China, Chinese people domesticated silkworms to create tons of silk. They eventually ended up weaving that silk into clothing and embroidery and the Chinese Civilization started trading the silk the same way they trade goods today. The trading of the silk clothing ended up making the civilization richer and richer day by day! Silk wasn't the only thing China had! According to Document #5, in the bronze age, the Chinese River Civilization suddenly doubled in strength.During this time, they created horse drawn chariots, a new form of writing, their own calendar, and social classes. With all of these elements, China finally became a full civilization with technologies supportin g it. To conclude, the four Ancient River Valleys started off as nothing, but eventually, with the help of technology, Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China all ended up being lots more than what they started off as. The increase of the usage of cosmologies in the civilizations really helped them thrive as a whole and become the civilizations we know them as today.